If the parallel forces are acting in the same direction, these are called like parallel forces.
If directions of parallel forces are opposite to one another, they are called unlike parallel forces. Three forces F1, F2 and F3 are shown in acting on a rigid body at different points. Here, the forces F, and F, are like parallel forces but F₂ and F3 are unlike parallel forces.
A resultant force is a single force that has the same effect as the combined effect of all the forces to be added."
"A graphical method is used to find the resultant of two or more forces or vectors, called the head to tail rule."
If the distance between two points of the body remains the same under the action of a force, it is called a rigid body.
During rotation all the particles of the rigid body rotates along fixed circles. The straight line joining the centre of these circles is called the axis of rotation.
The force required to rotate an object around a pivot point.
The line along which the force acts is called the line of action of the force.
The perpendicular distance of the line of action of a force from the axis of rotation is known as moment arm of the force or moment arm.
When two equal and opposite, parallel forces act at two different points of the same body, they form a couple.
Moment of a force or torque is defined as the product of the force and the momen arm. i.e. tFx
The torque of a force is zero when the line of action of force passes through th axis of rotation, because its moment arm becomes zero.
SI unit of torque is newton metre (Nm).
These parts are then called components of the given vector.
To divide a force into its components is known as resolution of a force.
A force is resolved into two components which are perpendicular to each other These are called its perpendicular or rectangular components of the force.
A component of a vector is its effective value in a given direction.
Centre of gravity is that point where total weight of the body appear
The point which moves in the same way as a single particle of the same mass would move when acted on by the same force.
A body is said to be in equilibrium if it has no acceleration.
There are two types of equilibrium.
(1) Static Equilibrium
(ii) Dynamic Equilibrium
The static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium come under one heading called the Translational equilibrium.
A body at rest is in static equilibrium. Examle: Example of static equilibrium is a book lying on the table.
A body moving with uniform velocity is in dynamic equilibrium. Example paratrooper.
The sum of all the components of forces along x-axis should be zero and the sum of all the components of forces along y-axis should be zero.
The vector sum of all the torques acting on a body about any point should be zero.
A body is said to be in a state of stable equilibrium, if after a slight tilt, it comes back to its original position.
A body is in neutral equilibrium if it comes to rest in its new position after disturbance without any change in its centre of mass.
We can improve the stability of a system either by wering the centre of gravity or by widening the base.
When a body is moving along a circular path its velocity at any point is directed along the tangent drawn at that point the direction of tangent at each point on a circle is different, therefore, the velocity of an object moving with uniform speed in a circle is changing constantly.
A rigid body is an object where the distance between any two points remains constant, even when forces are applied.
The greater the moment arm, the greater the turning effect of the force.
The work depends upon following factors:
L Force acting on a body.
ii. Displacement of the body and angle between them
Work is done when a force acting on a body displaces it in the direction of the force .
Energy is transformed from one form to another through various processes, such a conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy (e.g a ball rolling up a hi conversion of electrical energy to thermal energy.
Yes, an object can have both kinetic and potential energy simultaneously potential a ball rolling uphills has both kinetic energy (due to its motion energy due to height.
The amplication is that the total energy of an isolated system teimsins constant.over time
A hydroelectric power plant converts potential energy of water into electrical energy.
Biomass is plants or animal waste that can be burnt as fuel. Other forms of biomas are garbage form wastes, sugarcane, and other plants.
We use fossil fuel such as coal, oil, and gas when burnt they combine with oxygen from the air, the carbon become carbondioxide, hydrogen become hydrogen onde called water while energy is released as heat. This heat is used to boil water in boiler that produce steam which is used in various process to produce electricity
When animal dung, dead plants and dead animals decompose, they give off a mixture of methane and carbondioxide (Biogas) Electricity can be generated by burning methane.
Fossil fuel contribute to the climate change by the Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse effect gases, leading to global warming.
Electricity is generated in a hydroelectric power plant by converting the kinetic energy of water into electrical energy using a turbine and a generator.
Advantage: Predictable and reliable source of renewable energy, law operating costs, and no greenhouse gas emissions.
Disadvantage: Limited geographical suitability, high upfront casts and potential environment imparts.
The Name of renewable sources:
Solar energy
Tidal energy
• Geothermal energy
• Wind energy
• Wave energy
• Hydroelectricity
Non-renewable sources energy are limited because they take millions of years to form and cannot be replenished over
Renewable sources of energy are important because they are sustainable. non-polluting and can help to reduce our reliance on the non-renewable sources
Nuchte pisker and produce a large amount of electricity with low operating costs. However they also pose risks such as nuclear accidents radioactive waste disposal.
The main disadvantage of thermal power plants is that they produce air pollution
Nuclear power plants are consider a safety risk because they can experience Neidents, such as meltdowns, which can release radioactive materials into the environment.
Reliable source of energy: Because they can opperate continiously and are not dependent of weather condition.
The main disadvantage of nuclear power plants are they produce radioactive waste, which can be hazardous to human health and the environment.
Thermal power plants are harmful to the environment because they released the pollutants such as carbondioxide, sulferdioxide nitrogen oxides to the environment.
Power is measured in watt (w) and is calculated using the formula of P = w/t, where p is the power w is the work, and t is the time. The work done is typically measured in joules (J) and the time taken is measured in seconds.
There are several types of Power:
(i) Mechanical Power
(ii) Electrical Power
(iii) Thermal Power
(iv) Nuclear Power
No, a machine cannot have 100% Efficiency. This is because there are always energy losses due to friction, heat and other factors.
No, it is not possible to build a perpetual energy machine. This is because the law
